Air pollution has a significant effect on public health, and poor air quality is the largest environmental risk to public health.

Exposure to pollutants such as Particulate Matter (PM2.5 and PM10), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO₂), and ozone (O₃) as well as others is linked to a wide range of health impacts, including respiratory conditions, cardiovascular disease, and lung cancer. Emerging evidence suggests air pollution is also associated with an increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, diabetes, cognitive decline, and neurological conditions. These health effects contribute to increased hospital admissions, mortality, and reduced life expectancy whilst also placing a substantial burden on healthcare systems.